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Arbitration Challenges in Government Contracts

Arbitration Challenges in Government Contracts

Competitive tendering in the construction, engineering, and logistics sectors of the UT of J&K holds immense importance. These projects not only hold great public importance, but significant public funds are allocated to them. However, beneath the surface of these initiatives lie multifaceted challenges. The root of these challenges often lies in the initial bidding phase, where proposed bidders must adhere to certain Qualifications. With the award of a project to one contractor, challenges and disputes are raised by unsuccessful bidders, often attributing the decision to alleged connivance within the State Department, in the selection process. This situation creates a divergence between initial bidding approximations and the final selection of the winning bidder, leading to conflicts and court litigation between state departments and participating bidders.

On the flip side, once the contract is awarded to a contractor, the state entity holds the authority to assert that the procedures employed by the contractor during contract performance constitute a breach of contract or that the performance of the contractor falls short of the parameters stipulated in the agreement. Factors like force majeure, court interventions, changes in project requirements mid-way or the department’s failure to make partial payments can further complicate the matters. Such situations not only aggravate the challenges faced by both parties but also contribute to a significant extension of the contract timeline. This extended contract timeline, coupled with the challenges of delayed resolution and payments, introduces a ripple effect on project dynamics. The prolonged uncertainty can strain the contractor’s financial stability, impacting their ability to execute the project operations and fulfil contractual obligations. Additionally, the lingering issues, contribute to an atmosphere of apprehension, affecting the overall collaboration between the contracting parties and thus, results in disputes commonly subject to arbitration. 

Arbitration clauses, a common feature in government contracts, introduce their own set of complexities. The inclusion of government-nominated arbitrators, raises legitimate concerns about impartiality. The recourse for challenging such appointments or dealing with unresponsive or overburdened Govt. appointed arbitrators involves a detour through the courts, consuming valuable time and resources. The Supreme Court, while recognizing the well-established principle that appointment is required to be done as per the terms and conditions of the contract, held that if circumstances exist, an independent arbitrator may be appointed as an exception to the general rule if there is reasonable apprehension of bias and impartiality. In cases where the parties cannot mutually agree on an arbitrator, they are compelled to invoke 

Section 11(6) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, for the appointment of an arbitrator through the court, a process that typically extends over several months. This delay, not to mention the subsequent initiation of arbitration proceedings, significantly undermines the purpose of opting for arbitration as a quick and efficient dispute resolution mechanism. Moreover, the courts are engaged in lengthy inquiries into the validity and effect of the arbitration agreement/clauses before referring parties to arbitration, which severely delays the matter. Recent amendments aim to streamline this process; however, in practice, parties can file multiple applications and delay proceedings, both before and after the closure of arbitration proceedings. Even if these applications are ultimately dismissed on merit, the process of filing applications, serving the other side, hearing applications, and seeking an order on these applications is used by the parties to buy time in a judicial system that is significantly overburdened.

In this intricate web of challenges, the importance of robust arbitration mechanisms cannot be overstated. The intervention of the court cannot be eliminated, as those are statutorily enshrined under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act. The comprehensive solution to the array of issues discussed in the article lies in fully embracing and resorting to institutional arbitration. Institutional arbitration not only addresses concerns related to bias, non-performance by contractors, payment-related issues, and delays in government contracts but also introduces a systematic framework. Typically, institutional arbitration has its own rules that govern the procedure that would be followed. The Government of J&K has recently established the Institutional Arbitration Centre, namely the Jammu and Kashmir International 

Arbitration Centre (JKIAC), which could prove beneficial to counter such issues. The advent of institutional arbitration, exemplified by the J&K International Arbitration Centre (JKIAC), brings a structured
approach to dispute resolution. With a diverse panel of experts covering fields such as law, medicine, engineering, information technology, town planning, etc. to assist in the arbitral proceedings, JKIAC may provide a cost-effective alternative to protracted court battles. For dealing with the arbitration proceedings in the Centre, the Jammu and Kashmir International Arbitration Centre (Arbitration Proceedings) Rules, 2020 have been framed by the High Court. Despite these massive developments, most arbitrations in J&K are still conducted on an ad hoc basis. To fully leverage the benefits of institutional arbitration, suggested arbitration clauses in government contracts explicitly mentioning institutions like JKIAC in the following format may prove beneficial:

“Any dispute, difference, or claim arising out of, in connection with, or relating to the present contract or the breach, termination, or invalidity thereof shall be referred and settled under the Jammu & Kashmir International Arbitration Centre (Arbitration Proceedings) Rules, 2020, by one or more arbitrators appointed by its rules”.

In the framework of institutional arbitration, the administration of Arbitration falls under the purview of the Arbitration Institution. The institution’s panel of arbitrators typically comprises experts from various fields and this setup empowers parties to nominate an arbitrator possessing the requisite skills, experience, and expertise for a quick and effective dispute resolution process. The institution retains the right to refuse an appointment, on request, if it deems the nominated Arbitrator lacks the necessary competence or impartiality. Arbitration institutions oversee the entire arbitration process, starting with notifying the defending party about the Claimant’s request for Arbitration and extending the notification of the arbitral award to all involved parties. Institutional arbitration, therefore, offers a structured, impartial, and cost-effective alternative, providing support and expertise throughout the arbitration process. The recent legislative amendments, particularly in 2019, signal a shift towards institutional arbitration as a preferred mode, aiming to expedite resolution and reduce court interference.

In conclusion, achieving effective dispute resolution in J&K government contracts demands equilibrium. Addressing the aforementioned issues necessitates a comprehensive approach, including streamlined dispute resolution mechanisms, timely payments, and a proactive review of compensation policies in situations not attributable to the contractor. At a broader level, a thorough understanding and adherence to contract requirements, project timelines, and payment provisions by the contractors is essential for successful contract execution. Proactive identification of variations, coupled with transparent communication and timely responses from the departments, significantly contribute to the seamless operation of government contracts. The careful construction of arbitration clauses, along with the integration of institutional frameworks such as JKIAC (Jammu and Kashmir International Arbitration Centre), emerges as a key strategy for unlocking smoother and more efficient contract execution and dispute resolution in the dynamic landscape of the UT of J&K.

The authors, Adv. Romaan Muneeb, Partner at “Malik and Romaan Law Offices, Srinagar, J&K,” along with Associate Adv. Areeba Ahad, are lawyers at the J&K High Court. The authors can be reached at malikandromaan@gmail.com

CCTV, AI (Artificial Intelligence) weapon against Crime: Insights from Indian Law and Future. 

CCTV, AI (Artificial Intelligence) weapon against Crime: Insights from Indian Law and Future. 

The use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras has become an increasingly common tool in law enforcement and security around the world, where Kashmir is no exception, with CCTV cameras being installed in public areas, offices, it is high time that all private facilities including homes should also install CCTV cameras in order to curb crime in the Division. 

From 2009 the CCTV surveillance became an increasingly popular means of monitoring public and private spaces in India. The use of CCTV cameras is widespread in a variety of settings, including residential areas, offices, banks, hospitals, and public transportation systems. The Jammu and Kashmir administration has also installed CCTV cameras throughout the city, offices and public places to enhance public safety and security. In fact the State Administration also issued order for installation of CCTV cameras in all Police Stations and public officer, not only a measure of security but also accountability. In fact in another Order the District Magistrates of various district in Kashmir division in order to deter criminals, anti-social and anti-national elements from committing crimes, directed the installation of CCTV outside establishments, and such installation would work as a force multiplier, which would inspire further confidence in general public/customers visiting these establishments. The District Magistrates exercised their Power under Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 directing Shop owners and market associations to install CCTV cameras compulsorily.

Thought the directions for installation of CCTV in markets etc. did raise the concerns raised about privacy violations and the potential misuse of footage, Hence in order to restrict the misuse of such footages, the the Ministry of Home Affairs issued guidelines for their installation and use. Some key features of the guidelines are that the footage from CCTV cameras should be stored securely and should not be shared with unauthorized persons, also that the CCTV should not be installed only in public places and should not be used to invade the privacy of individuals.

Case studies of CCTV footage used in criminal investigations

CCTV footage has become an indispensable tool in criminal investigations in recent years, providing crucial evidence in many high-profile cases. In India, there have been several instances where CCTV footage has led to successful prosecution and conviction of criminals. 

1. Nirbhaya Case (2012): In this infamous gang rape case in New Delhi, CCTV footage from a hotel helped investigators identify and apprehend the six perpetrators.

2. Gauri Lankesh Murder Case (2017): The murder of journalist Gauri Lankesh was captured on her home’s CCTV system. The footage facilitated law enforcement agencies in identifying suspects involved in her assassination.

3. Kathua Rape Case (2018): In this brutal rape case involving an eight-year-old girl from Jammu and Kashmir, investigators were able to assemble multiple pieces of evidence, including CCTV footage of the temple’s vicinity where the crime was committed.

However, it is important to note that the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, regulates the use of CCTV footage in criminal investigations and it’s not merely the installation of cameras but also the handling of the footage for the purposes of reading a Evidence, which also need to be learned and administration must introduce SOPs for the same 

Supreme Court: Paramvir Singh Saini Versus Baljit Singh & Ors. vide its reportable judgement dated 02.12.2020 gave direction for installation of CCTV cameras in all Police Station and office of all other Investigation agencies , which possesses the power of arrest. As per the directions, CCTV cameras are to be installed, inter alia, at all entry and exit points including the main gate of the police station, in front of the police station compound as well as the back portion of the police station, in the lobbies or reception areas, corridors, verandas or outhouses, station halls, and rooms belonging to the inspectors, sub-inspectors, and duty officers, inside and outside lock-up rooms, and outside washrooms. The surveillance systems must be equipped with night vision and should be able to transmit both video and audio footage. Victims of custodial torture, the court had asserted, would have the right to seek the CCTV footage of interrogation by police and other federal agencies. 

The direction by the Hon’ble Supreme Court reflects the confidence of the highest judiciary in the technology and how the same can be a game changer for security as well as accountability.  

Delhi Model 

As per a news report, Delhi was at the top with 1,826 CCTV cameras per square mile in the world. The story behind such numbers is that the NCT of Delhi, through Public Works Department, upon an Application by any Individual, market, association etc. installs the CCTV camera on cost of the State, rather than shifting the onus of installation on the Individuals. Though such applications are subject to the approval of competent authority and location feasibility etc.

Preservation of CCTV footage

In a number of cases the Complainant would entirely leave the matter in hands of the Investigation Agencies, who might due to limited resources and overburden of cases, miss on an essential factor i.e preservation of the CCTV footage. The average life of CCTV footage to replay is around 3-12 Months and upon expiry of such period if the CCTV footage is not secured or preserved the same is lost forever, without any chances of recovery, which not only weakens the case for the prosecution but also sabotages an important link in the chain of events. The Complainants can very well exercise their right under 156(3) Cr.P.C to seek specific directions for preservation of CCTV footage  

The role of CCTV footage in workplace and property monitoring 

CCTV footage plays a crucial role in workplace safety and security. There are several benefits of installing CCTV cameras in the workplace. Firstly, they act as a deterrent to potential criminals, reducing the likelihood of theft, vandalism, or even more severe crimes. Secondly, they can help in identifying perpetrators if a crime does occur, making it easier for law enforcement officials to apprehend them. 

Apart from preventing crime, CCTV cameras can also be used to monitor employee behaviour to ensure compliance with company rules and regulations. For instance, if an employee is caught stealing from the company, the CCTV footage can be used as evidence during disciplinary proceedings. Moreover, CCTV footage can be used to identify safety hazards in the workplace, enabling employers to take corrective actions to prevent accidents. For example, if an employee slips and falls at a particular location, the CCTV footage can be reviewed to identify the cause of the accident, such as a wet floor or an obstruction. This information can then be used to take corrective measures such as putting up warning signs, cleaning up spills immediately, or removing obstructions. 

Overall, the presence of CCTV cameras in the workplace can improve employee safety, reduce the likelihood of criminal activity, and provide valuable evidence in case a crime does occur. Employers should ensure that their CCTV systems comply with all applicable laws and regulations to avoid any legal issues.

Conclusion and the future of CCTV surveillance in India.

In conclusion, the use of CCTV cameras has become an important tool in to ensure public safety and security. The cases discussed in this article demonstrate the value of CCTV footage in providing evidence and solving criminal cases. However, there are also concerns regarding the misuse of CCTV footage, invasion of privacy, and data protection. As technology continues to advance, the future of CCTV surveillance in India will likely involve the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and facial recognition technology. This could lead to more efficient and accurate identification of suspects, but it also raises questions about privacy and civil liberties.

It is important that the use of CCTV cameras is regulated and monitored by the government to prevent abuse and ensure that citizens’ rights are protected. Businesses and individuals should also take responsibility for the use of CCTV cameras on their premises, ensuring that they are used ethically and in compliance with the law.

Overall, the use of CCTV cameras has both benefits and drawbacks, and it is important to strike a balance between public safety and individual privacy. With careful implementation and regulation, CCTV surveillance can continue to play an important role in maintaining law and order in India.

Child Abuse and POCSO Act

Child Abuse and POCSO Act

There is a saying that, “What you allow to happen in your presence is your standard”. It is hard to digest but it needs to be understood that the issue of child sexual abuse has always been rampant in our society and is now becoming very common in Jammu and Kashmir. It is an ugly truth and it is extremely sickening that such issues are either overlooked or dealt without proper alertness. Children may not be the 100% of our population but they definitely are the 100% of our future. Tender age of the child who is sexually abused is transformed into a lifetime of anxiety and depression. Every human has certain memories from his/her childhood and events like these in early life can lead to devastating consequences in the life ahead of such children. Children are defenseless and need security, affection, and tremendous sensitiveness as a result of their physical, mental, and other underdeveloped abilities.

Sexual abuse against children includes all situations in which a child is used for sexual pleasure either by an adult or a juvenile. Sexual abuse of child is not a phenomenon that is common only in a poor household. It also happens within the wealthy, middle class or rich families. There are several unreported cases of child abuse in schools or other educational centers including religious centers. Children who are sexually abused sometimes have to suffer from mental breakdown and need psychological help. The child loses the sense of dignity and self-worth andsuffers from the loss of confidence in the family and relatives.

Read full Article on http://risingkashmir.com/child-abuse-and-posco-act

Child Abuse and POCSO Act

Bail of YouTuber Faisal Wani (Malik and Romaan Law Kashmir)

The Legal Wing of Awani National Conference with the support of Advocates Viqas Malik, Romaan Muneeb and Amir Mushtaq has been successful in securing bail for Kashmiri YouTuber Faisal Wani who was taken into custody by the Jammu & Kashmir Police for uploading an alleged video depicting beheading of BJP Spokesperson Nupur Sharma, who had earlier insulted Prophet Muhammad (SAW) on a national TV debate.
In a statement issued to the Kashmir Media Watch, The Awami National Conference condemned the act of Nupur Sharma and sought strict legal action against her for intentionally insulting the faith and belief of 1.8 billion Muslims across the globe. Our party stands by the secular ethos and democratic values of our republic. Our Party resolutely stands against the venomous and communal propaganda being perpetrated by certain black sheep’s in the national media. We have and will always stand by the cause of the people of Jammu & Kashmir.

https://www.kashmirmediawatch.com/anc-succeeds-in-bail-of-youtuber-faisal-wani/